INTRODUCTION 



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this horizontal bar, suspended above the table, furnishes the attach- 

 ment for the various clutch devices, which thus hold skull, skull-frag- 

 ment or long bone, whatever its shape or size, directly above the table. 

 In Fig. 13 the single stand is used, and the very irregular piece is held in 

 the position desired. 



Fig. 13. — The osteophore of Wetzel. This is essentially a horizontal rod of heavy steel, 

 upon which a variety of appliances may be attached to hold bones. This iod may be at- 

 tached upon one side only, as in the figure, or upon both sides, as desired, or in accordance 

 with the problem in hand. (After Wetzel.) 



III. Instruments for Drawing and Delineating 



Aside from the universally used photograph there are several forms 

 of drawing instruments in common use for reproducting accurate lines 

 of skulls and other bones. 



Dioptograph of Lucae. — The diaptograph is essentially a panto- 

 graph, augmented by a telescope with a field crossed by spider lines 

 which has for its purpose the selection of the exact lines to be drawn. 

 The observer stands over the tube, and places the point of crossing of the 

 lines in the tube over the lines he wishes to draw, sliding the tube gently 

 with its felt-covered foot over a glass surface. Whatever lines are thus 

 traced by the tube are reproduced by the pantograph at a distance, and 

 by making use of the pantograph principle, and adjusting the frame, the 

 reproduction may be made cither larger, smaller, or of the same size as 

 the object itself. 



Perigraph of Lissauer.— In the Lissauer model, called by its deviser 

 a perigraph, the stand consists of an upright upon a flat horizontal base, 



