osteometry; the measurement of the bones 



37 



a point which necessitated the presence of teeth. Seeking to remedy 

 these defects, Jules Cloquet (1821) proposed for the anterior point, not 



Fig. 18. — Skull placed on the horizontal used by Geoffrey de St. Hillaire (1795). 



the free margin of the teeth, but that of the alveoli, while he still retained 

 the center of the meatus posteriorly (Fig. 19). 



Fig. 19. — Skull placed upon the horizontal used by Jules Cloquet (1821). 



Much later (1862) Broca established the famous alveolo-condylar 

 plane, which, from its general use by French anthropologists, is often 



