66 LABORATORY MANUAL OF ANTHROPOMETRY 



[Various facial lengths, other than the one used here, have been 

 employed by certain anthropometrists, such as the length from 

 the ophiyon, or the supra-orbitale, instead Of the nasion. For 

 the facial breadth, both here and in the next, Virchow used the 

 zygomaxillare instead of the zygion, and made the breadth 

 zm-zm, instead of zy-zy.] 



, . ~ . . . , . , nasion-prosthion line [12] X 100 



lb. superior facial index t-. — — -. — , ... r m — 



bizygomatic breadth [8] 



hypereuryene below 45 



euryene 45-50 



mesene 50-55 



leptene 55-60 



hyperleptene 60 + 



[The suffix "-ene," in the form -en, was first proposed by Martin 

 in 1914 to distinguish between the adjectives used for the total face 

 and the upper face. It is derived from an old Greek root, akin 

 to the Sanskrit Ana-s, the mouth, and surviving only in a few 

 adjectives, with the meaning of Face; -qvos, Tpoa-7]vr]s. Whether 

 it is better thus to differentiate the two facial indices, or to use 

 the, same words, compounded with "-prosopic," stating care- 

 fully which index is meant, or relying upon the numerical dif- 

 ferences of the two groups of indices, must be left for usage to 

 decide.] 



„_ „ ,. 7 /• ,n • , zvgomaxillary breadth [37] XI 00 



17. Zyqomatico-malar (mqal) index . . — —. — . rrr~7m — 



JJ J J ' bizygomatic breadth [8] 



'„ ,. , x 7 . , least frontal breadth [5] X 100 



18. Zqiiomatico-frontal index - ,. -—. — . — ... ro1 



bizygomatic breadth [8] 



„_ „ ,. ,., 7 . , bigonial breadth [26] X 100 



19. Zyqomatico-mandibular index —?-. — -. , rr , ro1 — 



bizygomatic breadth [8] 



__ T M ,.,,., anterior interorbital breadth [mf — mf] X 100 



20. Interorbital index - — t-. — . ., , , ... .-■. , , ., nn 



outer biorbital breadth [fmt — )mt\Sb 



[For the measurement between the eyes the maxillofrontale is now 

 generally chosen, that known as the anterior biorbital breadth. 

 (Measurement No. 15, as modified.) This index is therefore 

 sometimes designated the "Anterior interorbital index."] 



orbital height [at rt. angles to orb. breadth] X 100 



21. Orbital index 



orbital breadth [16 modified] 



