osteometry; the measurement of the bones 



79 



volume of the cervical vertebrae of a given skeleton is divided by 7, that 

 of the thoracic vertebra 1 by 12, and of the lumbar vertebrae by 5. This 

 average number for a single vertebra of a given group is then averaged for 

 all the individuals of a given race, with the following results : 



Table of the Average Volumes of Single Vertebrae 

 (in cubic centimeters) 



Name of race 



Average of a 

 cervical 

 vertebra 



Average of a 

 thoracic 

 vertebra 



Average of a 

 lumbar 

 vertebra 



All together, 

 one of each 



Australians (8) 

 Europeans (6) . 

 Negroes (2) . . . 

 Orang-utan (1) 



7.4 

 10.4 

 13.2 

 11.5 



16.1 

 25.1 



27.9 

 18.1 



33.7 

 45.6 

 54.0 

 34.7 



57.2 

 81.1 

 95.1 

 64.3 



The volume of the four separate groups (including the sacrum) as 

 compared with the total volume of the entire column, is of interest. 

 Here the total volume is taken as 1000, and the components are given 

 as proportionate parts of it. In other words this table is constructed 

 by means of the following Volumetric group index, No. 3. Total volume 

 of vert, column X 100 Volumes of each group. 



Table of Proportionate "Volumes of the Groups of Vertebrae 

 (the total volume = 1000) 



Australian (male) (4) . . 

 Australian (female) (4) 

 European (male) (5) . . . 

 European (female) (1). 

 Negro (male) (2) 



In the above table the separation of the sexes shows certain interesting 

 sexual differences, notably that of the volume of the sacrum, which is 

 the greater in the female. This peculiarity is better brought out in the 

 next table, which compares the volume of the sacrum with that of all the 

 rest of the column, the total volume being considered as 1000, as in the 

 other case. 



Table Showing the Relative Volume of Sacrum as Compared with the Pre- 

 sacral Vertebral Column 

 (The first figure is that of the sacrum) 



Australian (male) 200 : 800 



Australian (female) 235 : 772 



European (male) 213 : 787 



European (female) 278 : 723 



Negro (male) 201 : 800 



