88 LAB ORATORY MANUAL OF ANTHROPOMETRY 



in modern man, consists of a hook-like process upon the internal condylar 

 ridge projecting distally, and converted into a complete foramen in the 

 recent state by a ligament. It transmits the Median nerve, and fre- 

 quently also the Brachial artery, or a branch arising from it, as in the 

 case of the complete foramen of certain other mammals. In the humeri 

 of the Spy and Neandertal skeletons there appears a groove (Sulcus 

 supracondyloidsus, Klaatsch), evidently the vestige of the foramen in a 

 slightly different form. 



Ulna 



The treatment of this and the following bone (Radius) is based largely 

 upon the excellent model set by the paper of Fischer,* which differs in its 

 arrangement from the more usual one. Instead of listing first the meas- 

 urements, then the indices, and then the angles, he treats of a side, aspect, 

 or end with all its data together, a method which is here followed. The 

 numbers thus follow consecutively, without placing angles, indices, etc., 

 in separately numbered lists. 



I. LENGTHS AND CALIBER 



1. Maximum length; measured either upon the osteometric board, 

 or by means of calipers. This measurement includes, naturally the ex- 

 treme points of the olecranon and the styloid process, which, in the case 

 of measurement by the calipers, become the points upon which the feet 

 of the instrument rest, the termini of the maximum length line. 



The longest ulna measured by Turner, that of a male Hindu, was 305 

 mm.; Fischer's longest, out of several hundred, was 296. In the Sikh, 

 a very large race, Turner's maximum was 297, in the Malay 265, and in 

 the Chinese 247. In negroes the maximum ulna was 301. The females of 

 all these show considerably lower maximum figures, as would be expected. 



2. Physiological length; measured with the calipers, the two measuring 

 points, or termini, being (1) the deepest point in the longitudinal ridge 

 running across the floor of the greater sigmoid notch, and (2) the deepest 

 point of the distal surface of the "head," not taking the groove between 

 it and the styloid process. 



Although the maximum length lirfe has long been used as the main, or 

 the only, length measurement, there are many reasons for preferring the 

 " physiological " or effective length; more in fact than in the radius, where 

 it is also recommended. This length is that included between the articu- 

 lar surfaces, and is to be preferred, not only because it avoids the neces- 

 sity of using the points of the olecranon and styloid processes, which are 

 often incompletley preserved, but also because it corresponds to the effec- 

 tive working length of the forearm, as measured upon the volar side. 



* Fischer, Eugen: Die Variationen an Radius und Ulna des Menschen. Zeitschr. 

 fur Morphol. und Anthropol. Bd. IX. 1906, pp. 147-247. 5 Pis., 16 text-figures, 

 and 6 tables. (This paper is fundamental for the anthropological study of Ulna and 

 Radius.) 



