osteometry; the measurement of the bones 89 



The following averages of this measure are given by Fischer: 



Prehistoric Teutons (Reihengraber) 239. 7* 



Negroes (6) 239.5 



Africans in general (12) 234 . 6 



Australians (6) 233 . 7 



Melanesians (17;* 230.5 



Germans (Baden) (25) 227.2 



Ainu (60) f 212.5 



Japanese (40) t 200.4 



Compared with these figures the species H. neandertalensis shows 

 nothing distinctive, but comes quite within the limits of recent man. 

 The Neandertal ulna (right) measures 231 mm., physiological length, 

 and those of Spy are estimated by Fischer at about the same figure 

 (Spy I, Right; 233; Spy II, Left, 231). The orang, with its phenome- 

 nally long arm, shows a physiological length of 340.5. In the gorilla it is 

 303.21 in the chimpanzee 269, and in the gibbon, the smallest of the 

 Simiidae in body, it reaches 282.2, a larger actual measurement than 

 in any normal man. 



3. Least circumference of the diaphysis; located a little above the dis- 

 tal epiphysis, where the shaft, through the reduction of the muscular 

 ridges and crests, becomes nearly cylindrical. Measured with the tape. 



. „ ,., . , fn _ N least circumference (3) X 100 



4. Caliber index; (3:2)= = —^ — : — =-^ — /. ,_. — 



physiological length (2) 



By this index is expressed the relative delicacy or robustness of the 

 bone as a whole, the larger the number the stouter the bone. The fol- 

 lowing table expresses in figures facts that have been frequently stated 

 from observation; among others that the ulna of primitive people is more 

 slender than that of the culture races. The extreme slenderness of this 

 bone in the gibbon and orang is also manifest. 



Caliber Indices of the Ulna 



Simian apes 



Gibbon (4) 6.0 



Orang (8) 10.0 



Gorilla (5) 13.4 



Chimpanzee (2) 14 . 3 



Primitive human races 



Australians (6) 12.7 



Melanesians (13) 13.7 



Negritoes (6) 14.6 



Culture races 



South Germans, Baden (25) 16.8 



* The prehistoric Teutons, measured by LehmanK-Nitsche, and the last two, 

 measured by Koganei, may not correspond exactly in the mode of measurement with 

 the rest, which were calculated by Fischer. 



f In these the two sexes were used indiscriminately, in the others the bones 

 were those of males alone as far as could be determined. 



