98 LABORATORY MANUAL OF ANTHROPOMETRY 



is, the degree of muscularity of the indivdual, and not the fundamental 

 shape of the shaft. Since, however, nothing better has as yet been 

 devised, and since these measurements have been actually used by Fischer, 

 they are added here. 



16. Dor so-ventral diameter of shaft at the upper third; taken as suggested 

 above. 



17. Transverse diameter of shaft at the upper third; taken as suggested 

 above, and exactly at right angles to the previous measurement. 



, „ 7 . 7 . 7 dorso-ventral diameter [16] X 100 



18. Caliber index — —t-- 1 — r -.m 



transverse diameter [17J 



In this index the higher figures signify an approach to the cylindrical, 

 a perfect cylinder being 100, while a lower index suggests a flattening 

 of the shaft transversely. In Fischer's results the average index for 

 South Germans is 76, for Fuegians, 86; and for Australians, 90. The 

 ulnae of Neandertal and La Naulette gave each an index of 100. 



Radius 



I. LENGTH MEASUREMENTS 



1. Greatest maximum length; taken either with the osteometric board 

 or with the calipers, using as termini (1) the highest point of the margin 

 of the capitellum, and (2) the point of the styloid process. The maximum 

 length of normal radii was found by Fischer to lie between 190 and 288 

 mm., the shortest average being found among the Negritoes and pre- 

 historic pygmies from the Swiss lake-dwellings, and the longest among 

 African negroes. Turner's longest radius, that of a negro, measured 

 287 mm., his longest Sikh radius was 267, longest Malay 250, and longest 

 Chinese 227. 



2. Physiological length; measured with the calipers from the deepest 

 point in the bottom of the fovea capitelli (the articular surface which 

 receives the capitellum of the humerus) to the deepest point in the semi- 

 lunar facet at the distal end. Here, as elsewhere, the physiological 

 length is the effective length for use, and is generally to be preferred, 

 since it is that of the lengths of the parts in the living, thus enabling one 

 to compare directly the figures in the living and in the bones. Thus 

 here, the distance from the bottom of the external dimple or depression, 

 so conspicuous an object in the dorso-lateral side of the living arm to the 

 point of the styloid process, accurately located in the wrist, is the same 

 as the physiological, rather than the anatomical, length of the bone. 

 From the practical standpoint, in measuring a collection of bones, the 

 physiological length is more generally applicable, since it does not 

 depend upon the integrity of the styloid process, which is so often more 

 or less deficient. 



The greatest average physiological length of the radius thus far 

 recorded is that of the prehistoric Teutons from the "Reihengraber," 



