PART II 



Somatometry; the Measurement of the Body 



LANDMARKS 



[The list here given is taken from Martin (Lehrbuch, 1914, pp. 120-131) but those 

 of the head and face are given first, and the arrangement is alphabetical instead of 

 topographical. The abbreviations are the same, and as they do not repeat any of 

 those in use upon the skeleton, save in those cases where the two correspond, it is 

 hoped that they will come into common use, much as in the case of the abbreviations 

 of the elements in Chemistry]. 



alare (al) 

 bregma (b) 

 cheilion (ch). 



crinion (see trichion) 

 ectocanthion (ex) 

 endocanthion (en) 



euryon (eu) 

 frontotemporale (ft I 

 glabella (g) 

 gnathion (gn) 

 gonion (go) 

 inion (i) 

 labrale inferius (li) 



labrale superius (Is) 



(a) Landmarks upon the head and face. 



The most external point on the wing of the nose. 

 * 



Outer corner of the mouth; lateral terminus of the oral 

 slit. 



Outer corner of the palpebral opening. 



Inner corner of the palpebral opening, medial to the 



caruncula lacrimalis. 



mastoidale (ms) 

 mesosternale (mst) 



*(here taken as the occipital protuberance). 



The median point in the lower boundary of the mucous 



surface of the lower lip. 



The median point of a line drawn across the boundary of 



the mucous surface of the upper lip. tangent to the 



curves. 



* 



The point in the sternal median line crossed by the 

 transverse line connecting the middle of the two 4th 

 costal cartilages, at the insertion into the sternum. The 

 determination of this cartilage is facilitated by first lo- 

 cating the 2d, which noticeably projects a little above the 

 others. 



* Points followed by an * are the same as those of like name upon the bony surface 

 of the skull, save that here the point designated i.s upon the external surface of the 

 skin, exactly above the one on the skull, and differs from this latter by the thickness 

 of the soft parts. When used as the termini of lines parallel to the surface, the meas- 

 uements of both skull and face are the same, when the thickness of the soft parts 

 is included in the line measured, the two measurements differ by this amount. Thus 

 compare the least frontal breadth, where the measurements of skull and face are the 

 same, with the greatest head breadth, where the breadth in the living includes the 

 soft parts upon each end of the line, and is larger by so much than in the skull. 



151 



