164 



LABORATORY MANUAL OF ANTHROPOMETRY 



Length of entire arm, with- Direct; between acromion By subtracting ht. styl- 



out hand 



Length of upper arm 

 Length of forearm 

 Length of hand 



and stylion, in extended ion from ht. acromion, 

 arm. 



Direct; between acromion 

 and radiale. 



Direct; between radiale 

 and stylion. 



Direct; between stylion 

 and dactylion, hand ex- 

 tended. 



By subtracting ht. radiale 

 from ht. acromion. 

 By subtracting ht, stylion 

 from ht. radiale. 

 By suotracting ht. dac- 

 tylion from ht. stylion. 



Limb measurements are a little longer when taken direct than when calculated by 

 subtraction (projection method). Thus the forearm, where the difference is the 

 most marked, is about 6 mm. longer by the first method, but the upper arm is longer 

 by only about .5 mm. The other results differ by about 3 mm. 



(3) Leg length 



In the leg there is no definite landmark to use as the proximal limit, 

 as the pelvic girdle has a different physiological relation to the body from 

 that of the shoulder girdle, and consequently there is no point on the 

 former to serve the same purpose as the acromion. It is usual to consider 

 the head of the femur as marking this limit, but here the difficulty is hat 

 this feature lies too deeply for palpation, or even approximately locating 

 it. One may use, however, its average relative distance from other 

 landmarks, and by such means several of the following rules have been 

 devised. 



Total length of leg from head of 

 femur to sole; subject standing 

 Total length of leg without foot 



Length of thigh 



Length of lower leg 



(a) Subtract 40 mm. from iliospinale, or 



(b) Add 35 mm. to symphysis. 



Subtract ht. sphyrion from ht. iliospinale, and 



from this result subtract 9% of itself. 



(a) Subtract tibiale from iliospinale, and from 

 this result subtract 7% of itself. This corre- 

 sponds to the physiological length of the 

 femur. 



(6) Take the direct measure between iliospinale 

 and tibiale, and from this subtract 40 mm. 



(c) Subtract tibiale from symphysion and then 

 add 10% of this result. 



Subtract ht. sphyrion from ht, tibiale. 



INDICES 

 (a) Indices referring to certain measurements as standards. 



In compaiing a number of measurements together it is sometimes con- 

 venient to refer them all to a certain definite standard, especially if 

 this standard is itself one that is not very variable. For instance it 

 would occur to everyone to use as such a standard, the total stature, 

 to which other measurements, such as the lengths of arm or leg, trunk- 



