57 



streams, for pleasure or profit, after obtaining a tezkere, or 

 authorization. 



In the case of Grebes, Cormorants, and other birds utiUsed 

 in any industry, twenty per cent, of their value, or a fifth part 

 in kind, must be paid to the Government. It is forbidden to 

 destroy passage birds on the lakes which are administrated by 

 the State, but the State is generally AviUing to lease these lakes. 

 The laws are not enforced, and there is practically no bird pro- 

 tection in Turkey. 



GREECE. 



The actual laws prohibit the kilHng of birds from March 15 

 to July 20 ; hares, partridges, etc., from February 1 to July 20. 

 But no notice is taken of either of these laws, and killi ng goes on 

 all the year round. 



BULGARIA. 



Article 4 of the Game Laws imposes a fine of from 5 to 100 

 francs on anyone killing the foUoAving birds useful to agriculture 

 or taking their nests, eggs, or broods : — Vultures, the Kestrel 

 tribe, the smaller Owls, the Woodpeckers, Roller, Bee-Eater, 

 Hoopoe, Cuckoo, Nightjar, all small singing birds, Starhng, Rosy 

 Pastor, Turtle, and also marsh birds, with, the exception of 

 those the law allows to be hunted. 



FINLAND. 



The Russian Code does not obtain in the Grand Duchy of 

 Finland, but the Swedish Code of 1734, modified by a number 

 of more recent regulations. Birds are divided into three classes : 

 (a) Useful game, which includes all birds usually considered such ; 

 (6) noxious birds, specifying Eagle, Osprey, Vulture, and Eagle 

 Owl ; (c) birds not in the two previous classes. 



A close season from March 15 to July 15 protects classes (a) 

 and (c), and special dates are fixed for certain species of class (a), 

 namely, all the Tetraonidse, the Grey, Red-legged and Mountain 

 Partridge, Swans, Geese, Eider, all Wild Duck, Woodcock, 

 and Double Snipe. 



In a law passed June 20, 1870, sanction is given to hunt the 

 white male Eider Duck throughout the year, a decree strangely 

 at variance \vith the Scandinavian statutes. The close season 

 allowed wild fowl in Russia seems surprisingly inadequate — 

 six weeks to Woodcock and sixty days to Geese and Swans, 

 which take half that time to incubate, and whose young require 



