Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 215 



THE FOLLOWING TEMPERATURES WERE RECORDED SEPTEMBER 28. 1899 



On August 14, 1900, the following temperatures were taken in 

 Aubeenaubee Creek, between 2 :30 and 4 p. m. : Near head of 

 creek, 63 ; 10 rods lower down, 66.2 ; 50 rods lower down, 68. 



On August 21, 1900, between 8:10 and 11 a.m., the following 

 temperatures were taken in Culver Creek: At bend of creek just 

 east of the Academy grounds, 69 ; at bridge at east edge of Acad- 

 emy grounds, 70.2 ; just below the bridge, 70.5, at bridge in Acad- 

 emy grounds, 71.5 ; at mouth of creek, 76.5. 



Turning over of the lake:- -Perhaps the most interesting phe- 

 nomenon connected with such bodies of water as Lake Maxin- 

 kuckee is the "turning over" which may occur each fall. This can 

 be understood from a consideration of a selected few of the daily 

 serial temperatures. The greatest density of fresh water is 

 reached when the water has attained a temperature of 39.2. 

 When the temperature goes below 39.2 it begins to expand, and 

 freezes at 32. When the temperature rises above 39.2 it also 

 begins to expand and continues to do so, however warm the water 

 may become. As water expands its weight decreases. In other 

 words, above the point of greatest density, the weight of water 

 varies inversely with its temperature, the higher the temperature 

 the lighter the water. A cubic foot of water at a temperature of 

 80 weighs less than a cubic foot of water at 50.* On July 24, 

 1900, the surface temperature was 80.3. From the surface down- 

 ward the temperature was successively lower until, at the bottom, 

 it was 49.3, or 31 colder than the surface. A column of water in 

 that part of the lake on that date, one inch square and equal in 

 length to the depth of the lake, 89 feet, may be likened to a column 

 of metal which increases slightly and uniformly in size and weight 



* A cubic foot of fresh water at 50 Fahr. weighs 62.331893 pounds : at 80 it weighs 

 62.186012 pounds, a difference of 2.334096 ounces. 



