O 



Q 



THE BACK. 27 



I St. 



2nd. 



3rd. Aorta reaches spine. Apex of lower lobe of lung. 

 Angle of bifurcation of trachea. (49) 



4th. Aortic arch ends. Upper level of heart. 



5th. 



6th. 



7 th. 



8th. Lower level of heart. Central tendon of diaphragm. 



9th. CEsophagus and vena cava through diaphragm. Upper 



edge of spleen. 



loth. Lower edge of lung. Liver comes to surface pos- 

 teriorly. Cardiac orifice of stomach, 

 nth. Lower border of spleen. Renal capsule. 

 i2th. Lowest part of pleura. Aorta through diaphragm. 

 Pylorus. 



i st. Renal arteries. Pelvis of kidney. (83) 



and. Termination of spinal cord. Pancreas. Duodenum 

 just below. Receptaculum chyli. 



3rd. Umbilicus. Lower border of kidney. 



4th. Division of aorta. (65) Highest part of ilium. 



5th. 



56, Origins of the spinal nerves. It is useful to know 

 opposite what vertebrae the spinal nerves in the different 

 regions arise from the spinal cord. They arise as follows : 



The origins of the eight cervical nerves correspond to the 

 interval between the occiput and the sixth cervical spine. 



The origins of the first six dorsal nerves correspond to 

 the interval between the sixth cervical and the fourth dorsal 

 spines. 



The origins of the six lower dorsal nerves correspond to 

 the interval between the fourth and the eleventh dorsal 

 spines. 



The origins of the five lumbar nerves correspond to the 

 interval between the eleventh and twelfth dorsal spines. 



The origins of the five sacral nerves correspond to the 

 spines of the last dorsal and the first lumbar vertebrae. 



57. movements of the spine. The movements of which 

 the spine is capable are threefold : I. Flexion and extension ; 

 2. Lateral inclination ; 3. Torsion. Flexion and extension 



