FORMS OF TREES 9 



manner. The Pyramid differs from the Bush form in 

 having a central stem, and from this the branches 

 emanate in a horizontal, slightly drooping direction. 

 It eventually makes a larger tree than does the Bush 

 form, but it also takes up considerably more room 

 owing to its method of training. Whereas the branches 

 of the Bush, after having been trained horizontally for a 

 short distance, then grow in practically an upright direc- 

 tion, those of the Pyramid continue to extend nearly 

 horizontally, thus, of course, taking up more ground 

 room every year. The Pyramid apple tree may either be 

 had grafted upon the Crab or upon the Paradise stock. 



Espaliers are valuable, and may be obtained in a 

 variety of shapes. An Espalier apple tree is usually 

 understood to signify one that is trained against an 

 espalier or fence, the latter being invariably of wire. 

 Such trees are valuable because they take up but a 

 small space in the garden, and usually bear abundant 

 crops of good fruit. They are to some extent more 

 sheltered than are trees in the open, for the trellis 

 against which they are growing breaks the force of the 

 wind, ofen a cause of considerable damage to the 

 unprotected fruit crop. A single trellis, made by erect- 

 ing strong iron or wooden poles at a distance of six 

 feet apart, and connecting them with wires placed 

 about one foot apart, takes up practically no room, yet 

 a great deal of fruit can be obtained from trees planted 

 against such a structure. Either horizontally-trained 

 trees or cordons may be planted against this trellis. 

 A most useful method of espalier training has lately 

 become more popular, and deservedly so, namely, that 

 by which the trees known as dwarf horizontal espaliers 

 are produced. These are not more than about fifteen 

 or eighteen inches from the ground, and each consists 

 simply of a stem of that height and two branches trained 

 horizontally in opposite directions. For planting close to 



