38 



FIGS. 7, 8, 9. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN or BACKBONE = 9 bony segments or vertebrae and a bony 

 prolongation or urostyle (Gr. oura, a tail) 



( Body or centrum. 



VERTEBRA . . . . \ C Neural spine or spinous process. 



(. Neural arch. 1 Transverse processes. 



V. Zygapo physes (Gr. zugos, an articulation). 



ATLAS or 1st vertebra with which the two occipital condyles of the skull articulate. 

 SACRUM or 9th vertebra with which the pelvic girdle articulates. 



/ Thickened anterior end with two concavities into which the two con- 

 J vexities of the sacrum fit (fig. 9, a). 

 UROSTYLE or &amp;lt; DCYX &amp;lt; g ciat j c nerV6) t jj e nerye O f ^ i egj p ass i ng ou t f rom neural canal by a 



small opening (red). 

 FIG. 10. PELVIC ARCH, side view 



Acetab ulum, the socket into which the head of the thigh-bone or 

 femur fits. 



PELVIC ARCH or HIP- 

 GIRDLE .... 



Ilium or haunch-bone articulating with sacrum. 

 Ischium, a posterior rounded bone. 



Pubis, a ventral wedge between ilium and ischium. 

 ..Triradiate junction of the three bones in the acetabulum. 

 FIG. 11. HYOID 

 BODY. 



f Anterior attached to skull (see fig. 2). 

 PROCESSES OR CORNUA } Lateral. 

 (L. horns) . . . ^ Posterior. 



v. Thyro-hyals, sometimes called posterior cornua. 

 FIG. 12. STERNUM and SHOULDEE-GIEDLE 



T, ( Anterior piece Omo-sternum (Gr. omos, the shoulder). 



STERNUM or BREAST- 



T. -&amp;lt; Median piece Sternum proper. 



(. Posterior piece Xiphi-sternum (Gr. xiphos, a sword). 

 / Glenoidal cavity, the socket into which the head of the humerus fits. 

 PECTORAL ARCH or } Dorsal portion Scapula or shoulder-blade, and Supra-scapula. 



SHOULDER-GIRDLE } TT ( Coracoids. 



I Ventral portions 1 rn i n t. 



V ( Clavicle or collar-bone. 



FIG. 13. EIGHT FORE-LIMB, dorsal surface 



Humerus. 



Radius and ulna united. 



Carpals or wrist-bones. 



Five digits consisting of metacarpals and phalanges (first digit rudimentary =Pollex, L. thumb). 

 FIG. 14. LEFT HIND-LIMB, dorsal surface 



Femur or thigh-bone. 



Tibia and fibula united. 



Tarsals with elongated astragalus and calcaneum. 



Five digits consisting of metatarsals and phalanges. 



Calcar (L. a spur), a horny projection at base of first digit or hallux (L. haltex, the big toe). 

 DIAGRAM. THE CORRESPONDING BONES IN THE FORE AND HIND LIMBS WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE ARCHES 



The axis (an imaginary line passing through the middle of the limb to the end of the third digit) 

 divides the limb into a preaxial and a postaxial portion. 



Carpus or tarsus consists of two rows of bones with a centrale between, and the following are 

 thus named in human anatomy : 



Eadiale = Scaphoid. Tibiale l_A t &amp;gt; 



Intermedium = Lunar. Intermedium j ~ 



Ulnare = Cu neif orm. Fibulare = Calca neum. 



Centrale, not represented. Centrale =Navicula re. 



