PROGRESSIVE POULTRY CULTURE 209 



Water fountains should be raised above the fioor suffi- 

 ciently to prevent the liquid becoming fouled by litter 

 or dirt flirted about by the scratching of the fowls. 



A cockerel cage may be hung in a room or pen where 

 fowls are kept. It will be of use in confining a surplus 

 male bird or curing a hen of broodiness. 



A frame or curtain of burlap or cotton cloth for use 

 in front of the roosting place is provided, if special pro- 

 tection from freezing is required. 



RANGES AND BUNS. 



Houses are for fowls to stay in only when they are 

 not better off out of doors. 



Any plan which gives the fowls the freedom of the 

 fields is excellent, provided they are safe from enemies, 

 cannot get to decomposing d^ad animals, or other dan- 

 gerous diet and do not trespass in places where they are 

 not wanted. 



If free range on the farm includes grass land, tillage 

 and woodland or orchard the conditions are especially 

 favorable for the fowls. Under such conditions the 

 birds, for the most part, take care of themselves, obtain 

 much of their sustenance from natural sources and, in 

 their efforts to get food, take exercise which tends to 

 keep them healthy, hardy and full of vigor. 



To permit of free ranging in mild weather, and yet 

 prevent the fowls roaming where their presence would 

 be objectionable, a large area may be enclosed by fenc- 

 ing, thus forming a park. 



Within such an enclosure there is practically no re- 

 straint, since the birds wander as widely as they care to. 



If shelter is required in a park it is readily provided 

 by constructing simple thatched or rustic structures in 

 secluded spots or erecting small houses to harmonize 

 with their surroundings. 



POULTRY YARDS. 



The word yard comes from an Anglo-Saxon word 



