56 ZOOLOGY. 



55. What birds have more, and what have less, than four toes ? 



56. What is the nature of the beak ? 



57. Describe the digestive apparatus in birds. 



58. How does the gizzard differ in grain-eating and flesh-eating 



birds? 



59. What is the cloaca f 



60. Compare the temperature of birds with that of mammals. 



61. How is the high temperature accounted for ? 



62. Describe the circulation in this class. 



63. How does the heart of a bird differ from that of a mammal ? 



64. What are the peculiar features of the respiratory process in 



birds ? 



65. What are "pneumatic" bones? 



66. What are the distinctive features of the brain in birds ? 



67. Give the peculiar characters of the eye and ear. 



68. Describe a feather. 



69. How do ostrich feathers differ from those of ordinary birds ? 



70. What is "incubation"? 



71. How are the Autophagi distinguished from the JffeteropJiagl ? 



72. Give examples of the class Reptilia. 



73. What characters are common to reptiles and birds ? 



74. How do reptiles differ from birds ? 



75. What reptiles are destitute of limbs ? 



76. What reptiles have no teeth ? 



77. How do the teeth of reptiles differ from those of mammals ? 



78. How do the teeth of crocodiles differ from those of other 



reptiles ? 



79. Describe the structure of the heart and the circulation in 



reptiles. 



80. How does the heart of a crocodile differ from the heart of 



other reptiles ? 



81. How does the venous blood become mixed with the arterial 



blood in the crocodile ? 



82. Describe the covering of reptiles. 



83. What is meant by ovoviviparous ? 



84 Define the class Amphibia, and mention some examples of this 

 class. 



85. How do these animals resemble, and how do they differ 



from fishes ? 



86. Describe the skull, fore-limb, and hind-limb of an amphibian. 



87. Describe the process of respiration in the larval and adult 



states respectively. 



88. What is the structure of the heart, and the nature of the 



circulation in this class ? 



89. Describe the metamorphosis of the common frog. 



90. How does a newt differ from a frog ? 



91. Define the class Pisces, and give examples. 



