XVI RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 



93. When the stamens do not contract any union with th'e sides of 

 the calyx, they are hypogynous ; as in Ranunculus. 



94. When they contract adhesion with the side of the calyx, they 

 become perigynous ; as in Rosa. 



95. If they are united both with the surface of the calyx and of the 

 ovary, they are epigynons ; as in Umbelliferce. 



96. The stamen consists of a filament and an anther. 



97. The filament is the body which arises from the torus, and is 

 sometimes cylindrical, -or awl-shaped, or prismatical, and is even at 

 times expanded, as if iato a scale or petal ; but it is not essential to 

 the stamen. 



98. The filaments are usually free or isolated from each other ; but 

 they are sometimes united into one tube, when they are called monadd- 

 phous ; or into two parcels, diadclphous ;^or into several, polyadelphous. 



99. When they are united into a solid body along with the style, 

 they form what is called a column, and are said to be gynandrous. 



100. The anther is a kind of bag borne by the filament, and corres- 

 ponds to the lamina of a leaf. It is sessile when there is no filament, 

 or it is placed at the top of the filament in various ways. 



101. The bags or cells of the anther are termed lobes, and the solid 

 substance which connects them, corresponding to the midrib of a leaf, 

 the eonncctirum. These cells are usually two in number ; sometimes 

 they are four, rarely one. 



102. The lobes or cells of the anthers open in different ways by 

 what is called the line of dchiscence ; sometimes only a portion of this 

 line opens, the anther is then said to dehisce by pores ; Ex. Azalea. 



103. The anthers frequently grow together by their margins, as in 

 the Composite ; when they are called syngeneswus. 



104. The anther contains and frequently emits a matter called the 

 poUen, the use of which is to give life to the ovule or young seed. 



105. When the grains of pollen burst, they again discharge a multi- 

 tude of very minute particles, called molecules, or granules. 



IOC. When the grains of pollen easily detach from each other, they 

 are said to be pulverulent, and then they may be either perfectly smooth 

 or they may be viscous. 



107. Sometimes the grains contained in one cell or bag, instead of 

 separating readily, cohere into what is termed a pollen mass, (pol- 

 Ex. Orchidese. 



108. The pistil or pistittum is the organ which occupies the centre of 

 a flower, within the stamens, and is the fruit-bearing apparatus of 

 plants. 



109. It is distinguished into three parts, viz : the atarg, the style, 

 and the stigma. 



110. The ovary is a hollow case enclosing the ovules or young seeds. 

 It contains one or more cavities called cells. 



111. The stigma is the upper extremity of the pistil. 



112. The style is that part which connects the ovary and stigma ; 

 but it is often wanting, when the stigma is said to be sessile. 



