RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY. xix 



145. The utricle is similar to the caryopsis, the pericarp being mem- 

 branous, but it has no adherence with the seed. 



146. The achenium, (acine,} in which the pericarp is hard and bony, 

 as well as distinct from the proper covering of the seed ; as in the Com- 

 posites. 



147. A drupe is a fleshy nut enclosing a putamen ; Ex. Cherry and 

 Peach. 



148. The nut contains a putamen, but the sarcocarp is coriaceous, 

 instead of being fleshy. 



149. The dry dehiscent fruits are the follicle and the legume. 



150. The follicle is a carpel dehiscing by the ventral suture, and hav- 

 ing no dorsal suture. 



151. The legume is a carpel having both ventral and dorsal sutures, 

 by either of which or by both or neither it may dehisce ; rarely the 

 sides fall off", bearing nothing but sutures, which then form a kind of 

 frame, called a replum. When articulations take place across the 

 legume and it falls into several pieces, it is said to be lomentaceous. 



152. Of fruit formed of several carpels the principal are the capsule, 

 the silique, gland, berry, orange, pome, and pepo. 



153. The capsule is a many-celled, dry dehiscent pericarp. 



154. The- silique, for pod, ) consists of two (or 'four) carpels fastened 

 together, the placentae of which are parietal and separate from the 

 valves, remaining in the form of a replum and connected by "a mem- 

 braneus expansion ; when the silique is very short, or broader than it is 

 long, it is called a silicle or pouch. 



155. The gland is a dry bony, indehiscent, one-celled and one-seed- 

 ed fruit, proceeding from an ovary of several cells and seeds, and en- 

 closed by an involucre called a cupulc. Ex. Quercus. 



156. The berry is a succulent fruit, the seeds of which lose their ad- 

 hesion when ripe, and lie loose in pulp ; as the grape or gooseberry. 



157. The orange is a berry having a pericarp, separable into an epi- 

 carp, an endocarp and a sarcocarp, and the cells filled with pulpy bags, 

 which are cellular extensions of the sides of the cavity. 



158. The pome is a union of two or more inferior carpels, the peri- 

 carp being fleshy and formed of the floral envelope and ovary firmly 

 united. 



159>. Thepepo is composed of about three carpels, the sides of which 

 do not turn far inwards, nor the margins unite. It is a one-celled, 

 fleshy, indehiscent fruit, with parietal placentae. 



160. The most remarkable modifications of multiple fruits are the 

 cone, pine-apple, and fig. 



161. The cone or strobile is an indurated ament. When it is much 

 reduced in size, and its scales cohere, it is called a galbulus ; as in 

 Thuja. 



162. The pine-apple in a spike of inferior flowers, which all grow 

 together in a fleshy mass. 



163. The fig is a fleshy, hollow, dilated apex of a peduncle, within 

 which a number of flowers are arranged, each of which contains an 

 achenium. 



