INSECT PESTS 75 



// (a) below. Common Willow Beetles (Phyllodecta 

 vitellince and P. vulgotissitno). 



(b) Similar damage, but light brown beetles present. 

 Galerucella Beetle (Galerucella lincold). 



(c) Leaves eaten by livid blue and orange cater- 

 pillars. Willow Sawfly (Xematus solids). 



(d) Leaves with yellow or red lumps on them. 

 Willow Gall Sawflies, Pontania solids, and others. 



(e) Leaves and young shoots covered with black or 

 green fly or " blight," or with sticky honey dew, or 

 with honey dew and black mould. Willow Aphides 

 (various species). 



(/) Terminal or end bud of shoot tied up with a few 

 fine strands of silk and often containing a brown 

 chrysalis or a small caterpillar which feeds on the 

 young growing leaves. See also II (a) below. Small 

 Willow Moths (various species). 



(g) Terminal or end bud in the form of small rosette 

 or button, often known as " button top." Gall Midges 

 (Cecidomyia hderobia and C. rosaria, etc). 



(h) Leaves covered, especially on the underside, with 

 orange-yellow spots. Spots brown later in the season. 

 Willow Rust, caused by the fungus Melampsora. 



II. Damage to Rods. 



(a) Rods with lateral or branch shoots near the top, 

 usually shorter than normal rods, often known as 

 " bushy topped." This injury is usually the result 

 of the destruction of the terminal bud when the rod 

 is growing. Willow Beetles, Willow Moths, Aphides, 

 and, perhaps, Gall Midges. 



(b) Rod covered with black fly or blight, the 



