76 OSIERS AND WILLOWS 



insects closely crowded together and often killing 

 the rod. Willow Aphides (especially M ' elanoxanthe- 

 rium salicis). 



(c) Young rod in early summer broken as if by 

 wind, but close examination shows a hole or puncture 

 at the point where the break occurred. Willow 

 Weevil (Cryptorrhynchus lapathi). 



(d) Rods, especially of two years' growth, with 

 minute pin-holes through the bark near the base. 

 Inside are small burrows often containing minute 

 orange red (or green?) grubs. Willow Wood Midge 

 (Cecidomyia saliciperda) . 



(e) Rods, mainly when of two or more years' growth, 

 with a channel bored up the centre near the base, 

 sometimes containing a white grub or a beetle. Willow 

 Weevil or Willow Clear wing Moths. 



(/) Cankerous wounds on the rod. Developing 

 mostly in winter. Wounds not preceded by elongated 

 orange yellow pustules. Willow Canker, caused by 

 the fungus Botryospheeria gregaria. 



(g) Cankerous wounds on the younger portion of 

 the rods. Always preceded by elongated orange 

 yellow pustules which are found in summer. Rust 

 Canker, due to wounds formed by the rust fungus 

 Melampsora. 



III. Damage to Stumps 



Stumps with burrows and channels, often dying and 

 containing white grubs, chrysalides, or beetles. Willow 

 Weevil, Musk Beetle, Willow Clearwing Moths. 



The following sections deal in greater detail with 

 the insects and fungi themselves. 





