FENCING. 



15 



under the disadvantage that all the upright spars must 

 be driven into the ground, which causes them to rot. 

 To reduce this danger the inserted part should be 

 tarred or creosoted. It is far better to replace the 

 short spars by wire netting. 



4. Ditches. 



Ditches for keeping out animals should be constructed 

 with a perpendicular wall (a) on the inside and a gentle 



Fig. 5. 



slope (b) outwards (Fig. 5) ; sometimes the perpendicular 

 side is faced by a stone wall (c) to prevent its falling in. 

 On the whole ditches are expensive, if constructed so as 

 to be lasting ; hence in the majority of cases the) 1 - are 

 only used as an auxiliary to other fences, for instance a 

 wooden paling or a wire fence (d). 



5. Wire Fences. 



Here, again, a great many varieties have been intro- 

 duced, some having iron standards and others wooden 



