92 A MANUAL OF FORESTRY. 



as broad-leaved species. The latter recover much 

 quicker, especially species with a strong reproductive 

 power, such as Willow, Poplar, Oak, Hornbeam, Elm, 

 Alder ; Beech and Birch, on the other hand, are less 

 vigorous in this respect. Teak stands much pruning of 

 the crown, but less of the root-system. 



c. Locality. 



Under favourable conditions of soil and climate prun- 

 ing is less injurious than in the reverse case. On fertile 

 fresh soil a comparatively small root-system suffices to 

 fulfil the necessary work of assimilation, and fresh 

 organs are formed in a short time ; on dry poor soil, 

 pruning of the roots must be much more restricted. 



d. Manner of Pruning. 



In all cases a clean section should be made ; the cut 

 should be somewhat slanting and not at right angles to the 

 branch or root. Where a whole branch is taken off, 

 the cut should be flush with the stem to insure quick 

 healing by occlusion ; if it is only shortened it had 

 better be done just above a strong bud. 



The operation may be performed with a pruning 

 knife, pruning scissors, shears, or a light hatchet; in 

 the latter case the plant should be placed on a firm 

 support during the operation, so as to injure the remain- 

 ing wood and bark as little as possible. 



11. Protection of Plants in Transit. 



During transit, plants must be protected against drying 

 up and frost, and this refers more particularly to the root- 



