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APPENDIX TO CHAPTEE IV. 

 \ 



NOTES ON BOTANICAL CHARACTERS SERVING TO DISTINGUISH 

 THE PRINCIPAL BRITISH FOREST TREES.* 



(BY PROFESSOR H. MARSHALL WARD, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.) 



1. SPRUCE, f 

 Picea excelsa (Link.). Abietinese. 



Tall, more or less conical tree, with arcuate branches. 

 Twigs dark green to reddish brown. Bark shed in 

 small scales, grey -brown with a tinge of red. 



Buds rather long and pale. Each terminal bud 

 flanked by a pair of lateral ones, and a few other lateral 

 buds usually occur at intervals on the same shoot. 



Leaves solitary, acicular, curved forwards, nearly 

 quadrangular in section, spirally arranged all round the 

 twigs ; fine silvery lines of stomata on all sides. The 

 leaves may persist for 6 to 7 years. 



Male cones ovoid, rosy or purple when young, axil- 

 lary or terminal on last year's branches. Female cones 

 pendent, terminal, cylindrical, reddish ; at length brown, 

 with thin, leathery scales, toothed at edges. Ripen in 

 one year, and fall as a whole. 



* It will be understood that these notes are for practical use in the forest, 

 and are not intended to supersede more detailed examination of the 

 botanical characteristics of the plants concerned. H.M.W. 



f The order in which the trees are taken in this Appendix, being governed 

 by botanical considerations, necessarily differs from that adopted on sylvi- 

 cultural grounds. W.S. 



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