308 METHOD OF TREATMENT. 



case of those species which reproduce well from the stool. It 

 requires a fairly mild climate and protected position. 



Pollarding gives frequently high returns, and it can be carried 

 on in conjunction with agriculture. 



Coppice iviih standards holds an intermediate position 

 between high forest and coppice woods as regards the pre- 

 servation of the quality of locality and the capital value of 

 the growing stock. The comparatively free-growing standards 

 reach a certain diameter in a shorter time than trees in high 

 forest ; on the other hand, the stems are shorter and less clean 

 than in regular high forest, and they are more subject to frost 

 cracks and scorching of the bark. The yield is smaller than 

 in high forest, but larger than in coppice; financially, it 

 generally holds a position between the two. 



3. Method of Formation. 



This depends chiefly on the sylviculturai system, the species, 

 and the nature of the locality. 



Natural regeneration is cheaper in itself, but, in the case of 

 high forest, seed-years do not always come when they are 

 wanted, so that a regular progress of the regeneration may be 

 seriously disturbed, and the loss of time, and other accom- 

 panying disadvantages, may more than outweigh the smaller 

 original outlay. Nor must it be forgotten that, as a rule, 

 natural regeneration must be augmented by a certain amount 

 of planting. To conduct the process of natural regeneration 

 by seed demands the highest skill of the forester. 



Artificial regeneration generally accompanies the system of 

 clear cutting in high forest, but sowing and planting may also be 

 done under shelter-woods ; it is necessary in the case of first 

 afforestations or where a change of species is contemplated. 



Whether direct sowing or planting is preferable, depends 

 chiefly on the species and local conditions, a subject which 

 has been dealt with on pages 170 to 175 of Volume II. 



As regards the preservation of the quality of locality, see 

 Sylvicultural System. 



