INTRODUCTION. 5 



4. ARRANGEMENT OF MATERIAL. 



The measures to be taken by the owner for the protection 

 of his forests may be arranged under the following heads : 



Protection of forests against man, animals, plants, atmo- 

 spheric influences (frost, heat, wind, rain, hail, snow and 

 rime) ; against extraordinary natural phenomena (inundations, 

 avalanches, shifting sand and forest fires) ; and against certain 

 diseases the causes of which are doubtful, stagheadedness, and 

 factory fumes. 



A detailed list of the headings are given at the commence- 

 ment of this book. 



It will be noticed that some of the protective measures sug- 

 gested in certain cases are conflicting ; thus woods should be 

 cut from west to east, in order to protect them against cutting 

 east winds, but from east to west, when liable to be thrown 

 by strong westerly gales. Stumps must be extracted to pre- 

 vent the breeding of certain insects, but should be left on 

 hill-sides, when there is danger of erosion. The forester will, 

 however, have little difficulty in deciding, for any case, which 

 is the greater danger, and will bear that chiefly in mind in 

 protecting his woods. 



5. LIST OF SCIENCES ON WHICH FOREST PROTECTION is BASED. 



Jurisprudence, chiefly as regards landed property and 

 servitudes. 



Zoology, chiefly of game and forest insects. 



Botany and Mycology. 



Physiography and Meteorology. 



Other branches of Forestry (Sylviculture, Forest Utilisation, 

 and Forest Policy). 



A knowledge of forest legislation and of game laws is also 

 useful. 



