16 PROTECTION AGAINST MAN. 



Hess gives a useful kind of iron boundary mark as shown 

 in Fig. 7. The lower and upper plates can be removed to 

 facilitate transport. Stones are heaped on the lower plate 

 after it has been put into the ground to the required 

 depth. 



The best of nil boundary marks are generally hewn stones 

 (Fig. 8), or masonry pillars. The former may be prismatic, 

 triangular, or rectangular in section, with a rounded top on 

 which lines are cut showing the directions of the two adjacent 

 pillars. Serial numbers should be cut on one of the faces of 

 pillar. The lower portion to be placed in the ground should 

 be left rough and be of larger bulk than the cut portion, so as 

 to ensure stability. 



Care should be taken to select durable material such as 

 granite, basalt or quartzite for these stones. 



Where hewn stones are not available, pillars of brick and 

 mortar or rubble masonry may be erected, a sufficient founda- 

 tion being of course provided. The current number is carved 

 on a small flat piece of stone or slate inserted in the sloping 

 top of the pillar. This is greatly preferable to inserting the 

 number on a prismatic piece of stone let into the apex of the 

 pillar, as is sometimes done. Such pieces are easily loosened 

 by boys engaged in tending cattle or sheep near the forest 

 boundary. These pillars should be formed of cubes with 

 a side of 2J to 3 feet, surmounted by a pyramid 6 to 9 inches 

 high. 



It is customary in India to bury a quantity of charcoal under 

 boundary pillars, so as to assist detection of any fraudulent 

 change in their position. 



In all lines of boundary marks, one mark should be placed at 

 each angle, and whenever two angular points of the boundary 

 are too distant to be seen from one another, a sufficient number 

 of intermediate pillars should be erected. The intermediate 

 pillars need not be so substantial as the corner pillars. 



If the boundary is merely a line, the pillars are placed along 

 its centre, but if pillars are placed along a road, the middle of 

 which forms the boundary, they should be alternately on either 

 side of it. 



After boundary lines have been laid out, their exact position 



