FOREST BOUNDARIES. 19 



at the bottom and the same depth. The boundary line may 

 be the centre of the ditch, or one of its sides ; in the latter 

 case the ditch belongs to the proprietor on whose land the 

 earth from it is thrown, which is generally towards the forest. 

 Special kinds of spades are used for ditching, as shown in 

 Pig. 13. 



A wooden model of the ditch-profile is also useful (Fig. 14), 

 and is termed template or mould-frame. 



In case the ditches are also used as drains, care must be 

 taken not to allow the boundary marks to be undermined. 

 Thus the arrangement shown in Fig. 15 should be followed to 

 protect the boundary marks from erosion, and not that shown 

 in Fig. 16. 



4. Survey of Boundaries. 



The best survey is that carried out by the theodolite and a 

 chain, or measuring staff, but for preliminary work a less 

 accurate instrument, such as the plane-table or prismatic 

 compass, will suffice. From the survey a boundary map 

 should be drawn up, the usual scale of such maps being 40 

 or 50 inches to the mile in Germany. No larger scale than 

 25 inches to the mile is usual for British woodlands. 

 These maps should show : 



All boundary marks with their numbers. 

 The course of the boundary lines. v 

 The names of adjoining properties, and the nature of 

 their cultivation, or otherwise. 



5. Description oj Boundaries. 



This should be prepared in a tabular form, and should show : 

 Name of forest and of proprietor. 

 Names of adjoining estates and of their proprietors. 

 Current number and nature of boundary marks. 

 Angle at each corner in degrees, minutes and seconds. 

 Distance from one mark to the next, both horizontally and 



along the surface of the ground. 

 Direction of boundary line from mark to mark, with 



reference either to that of the magnetic needle or true 



north. 



c 2 



