IRREGULARITIES IN UTILISATION. 27 



across such roads. Dragging along ordinary roads should be 

 disallowed. 



All transport should be carefully supervised, if necessary, by 

 extra forest guards. 



SECTION II. IRREGULARITIES IN UTILISING MINOR FOREST 

 PRODUCE. 



1. General Account of Damage done. 



Whenever the minor produce is less important than the 

 principal produce of a forest, it should be harvested in such a 

 way as not to endanger or diminish the supply of the latter. 

 The following are the chief items of minor forest produce : 

 Bark, turpentine, resin and gums, leaves, fruits of forest trees, 

 dead branch-wood, grass and herbage, litter, stones, gravel, sand 

 and earth, peat, forest cultivation of cereals, berries, edible fungi, 

 game, fish, wild honey and ivax, etc., etc. 



2. Bark. 



Bark is chiefly used for tanning, or for dyes, but the bark 

 of certain species, such as the paper-mulberry (Broussonetia 

 papyrifera), may be made into paper-pulp, or, as in the case 

 of Betula BJiojpatra in India, into hats and umbrellas. The 

 inner bark of the lime and of many tropical trees is used for 

 rope-making or mats. 



In the case of oak-bark used for tanning, the following rules 

 should be observed : 



(a) Secure a clean and slanting cut of the stems in order to 

 protect the stools against moisture, and produce good coppice 

 shoots. 



(b) Prevent any tearing of bark from the stool, by making a 

 clean cut round the shoot near the ground before the bark is 

 peeled from standing poles. 



(c) Avoid beating the bark in peeling, as this causes loss of 

 tannin. 



(d) Eemove peeled stems expeditiously, so that the new 

 shoots may harden before early frosts occur. 



(e) Carefully stack and quickly dry the bark, so as to avoid 



