28 PROTECTION AGAINST MAN. 



loss of tannin by rain, and ensure rapid clearance of the 

 felling-area. 



Wherever bark is used for any of the other purposes above 

 referred to, similar rules, modified for the species in question, 

 should be observed. 



8. Turpentine, Resin and Gums. 



The present chief sources of the supply of turpentine and 

 resin are the pitch pine (P.palustris, Mill.) and other pine-trees 

 in the Southern States of North America, and the cluster pine 

 (Finns Pinaster, Aitm.) forests in the west of France. Tappings 

 for turpentine and resin on a moderate scale have, however, been 

 started in the forests of the long-needled pine of the Himalayas 

 (P. longifolia, Roxb.). Some turpentine is still obtained from 

 the spruce in Germany and the north of Europe, but as this tree 

 only yields it in small quantities and the process of tapping it 

 is extremely injurious to spruce timber, its tapping should be 

 absolutely prohibited. 



The following remarks, therefore, apply only to species of 

 pine which yield turpentine abundantly, and to the extraction 

 of gums and caoutchouc from several species of trees in hot 

 countries. 



(a) Lessees of turpentine or gum should be held pecuniarily 

 responsible for all damage done in forests by their workmen. 



(6) Tapping should generally be confined either to trees 

 like theFicus elastica, Blume.,that are hardly of any value except 

 for the gum they yield, or to trees too remote from means 

 of transport for their timber to be of any marketable value 

 as compared with the value of the turpentine or gum which 

 may be extracted from them. In other cases, it should be 

 confined to trees which will be felled for timber within a 

 period of from ten to twenty years, as when young trees are 

 tapped no considerable increment of growth may be expected. 

 For the same reason the best shaped and most promising trees 

 should not be tapped. 



In seeding-fellings, a certain number of the seed-bearers 

 should remain untapped, as tapping is prejudicial to both the 

 quantity and quality of the seed. In the cluster pine forests 

 of the Landes, in France, regeneration is effected by seed 



