38 PROTECTION AGAINST MAN. 



systems, suffer most of all, as in the former, young growth is 

 scattered all over the forest, and in the latter, it is scattered 

 in patches over very large areas. If grazing be allowed under 

 the Selection system, regeneration can usually be effected only 

 by fencing-in patches of ground where large trees have been 

 felled, and planting them with strong transplants, which will be 

 out of the reach of the cattle by the time the fences are no 

 longer effectual. 



Coppice-with-standards suffers more than pure coppice, on 

 account of the necessity for preserving numerous seedling 

 plants, both natural and transplanted, to replace the standards 

 as they are felled. Coppice suffers more than even-aged High 

 Forest, because stool-shoots branch out lower, and are less 

 firmly rooted than High Forest poles ; in the even-aged 

 systems of High Forest all pole- woods can be opened to 

 cattle without much danger. In regular plantations, damage 

 done by grazing is less than in irregular artificial, or natural 

 reproduction, and planting in lines somewhat far apart in one 

 direction is most favourable, as the cattle can readily graze 

 between the rows. It has also been observed in grazed forests 

 in hill-tracts, that mound-planting gives better results than 

 pit-planting. 



Gayer holds an opinion differing from that of Hess regarding 

 the comparative immunity of Selection Forest and even-aged 

 High Forest from grazing. He maintains, that even-aged 

 densely stocked woods are destitute of herbage, which is found 

 only on the reproduction areas closed against cattle. It is a 

 matter of everyday experience that no amount of care in 

 fencing will always protect such areas. In a Selection Forest, 

 not only is far more fodder produced, but damage by cattle is 

 less concentrated than in even-aged woods.* 



(5) Locality. 



On moist and. fertile soil, the damage done by grazing is 

 minimised, because a strong growth of herbage generally 

 springs up on such localities, and the cattle have less inclina- 

 tion to attack woody growth ; moreover the trees grow faster, 



* Vide p. 527, Vol. V. of this manual. 



