58 PROTECTION AGAINST MAN. 



away. In this is included the illegal removal of dead standing 

 trees (provided no damage is thus done to living trees) ; of 

 dead branches or windfalls ; of fruits not required for natural 

 reproduction ; of grass from rides, or roads ; of stones lying 

 on the ground, berries, edible fungi, etc. 



Misappropriation accompanied by damage is committed when 

 the forest owner, in addition to the loss of the articles 

 abstracted, suffers physical damage to his property, which 

 may differ greatly in degree according to circumstances 

 (species, age of wood, system of management, density of 

 growth, locality, etc.). 



To offences of this class belong, as regards principal pro- 

 duce : cutting and removal of standing timber, or parts of 

 standing trees, involving loss of increment and irregularity of 

 management, or introducing decay into the wood ; removal of 

 mother-trees in regeneration-fellings, or of standards in stored 

 coppice, resulting in delay in the reproduction of the wood, 

 deprivation of shelter against atmospheric influences for the 

 young growth, exposure of the soil, etc. Some of the most 

 harmful of these offences are digging up green stools from 

 coppice, and removal of young plants from plantations, as 

 thus the care taken to restock a wood is frustrated. Another 

 very harmful offence in Germany is the breaking off of the 

 leaders and side-shoots of young pines by children for sale to 

 apothecaries, who grind them up and export them, chiefly to 

 America, as medicine, under the name Turiones pini. 



As regards minor produce : peeling bark, tapping for tur- 

 pentine or gum, lopping branches for fodder, grazing, raking- 

 up litter, cutting sods, and appropriation of the resulting 

 produce, are common offences. When tall herbage is pulled 

 up round seedling plants, or excessive layers of humus are 

 removed from felling areas, the owner of the forest may 

 actually profit by the offence. Such nominal offences may 

 be prevented by permits to remove noxious material. 



In many of these cases, as for instance in the removal of 

 litter, the damage done to the forest far exceeds the value of 

 the material abstracted. 



