FOREST RIGHTS. 81 



extent of hop-garden, vineyard, etc. This right, if indefinite, 

 interferes greatly with the development of the revenue of a 

 forest. 



c. Firewood. 



Eights to firewood (as claimed) may be either defined or 

 indefinite, and in the latter case the amount granted would be 

 only what is required for the household of the right-holder, 

 including such ordinary household requirements as heating, 

 cooking, washing, baking, drying fruit, etc. Eequirement for 

 industrial purposes such as distilling, etc., is not included. 

 As a rule, the wood is prepared by order of the owner of the 

 forest, and must be taken from all classes of firewood in due 

 proportion, split and round wood, dead wood, stump-wood 

 and faggots. Occasionally the right-holder is permitted to 

 cut and remove the wood, especially where it is brushwood or 

 small coppice stuff. 



In case a forest burdened with this right should be damaged 

 by some calamity (storm, insects, etc.), which causes an 

 excessive yield in any particular year, then several years' supply 

 of firewood may be granted to the right-holder, in advance, 

 but the latter cannot claim this as a right. 



d. Softwoods. 



Where the right is to " softwoods," termed in France bois 

 blancs, in Germany, Weichholz, the question is to decide on 

 the meaning of the term. It may be interpreted as including 

 inferior softwood species which are not the object of the 

 management of the forest, and therefore only appear in trifling 

 quantity, and can never get the upper hand under a proper 

 treatment. The following species are generally included under 

 this head : Aspen and other poplars, the sallow and other 

 willows, limes, hazel, thorns and other shrubs, sometimes 

 also alder and birch, even Scots pine : mostly trees which 

 spring up amongst young growth, and are removed in the 

 cleanings. 



e. Fallen Dead Wood. 



All dead branches and twigs lying on the ground, and 

 refuse from fellings which the owner does not require, are 

 F.P. 



