84 PROTECTION AGAINST MAN. 



2. Eights to Minor Produce, 

 a. Bark. 



In Europe this right is generally restricted to the bark of 

 trees yielding tannin, such as oak, spruce, larch and birch. 



The bark can be claimed by the right-holders only from 

 felled trees in regular fellings. The right may be either by 

 quantity or by number of trees, or commensurate with the 

 requirements of the right-holder. The owner must fell during 

 the growing season when the bark can be easily removed. 



Lime-bark, or bast, for cordage and matting is sometimes the 

 subject of a right, and then similar rules must be followed. 

 In India, bark of Betula Bhojpatra is used for making 

 umbrellas and paper, and the bark of many species of trees 

 for ropes and cords ; all these may be subject to rights. 



b. Turpentine. 



Eights to tap the spruce or the Austrian pine for turpentine 

 frequently exist. The number and size of the trees to be 

 tapped, as well as of the cuts to be made in each, may be 

 denned, or not. In any case the usage must be restricted to 

 nearly mature woods, and there should be a close-time between 

 successive tappings of the same tree, the season during which 

 the usage is permissible must also be fixed. As turpentine is 

 usually an article of commerce, it may be in the nature of the 

 right that there is no restriction to household requirements, 

 nor as to the sale of the produce. 



This is a most hurtful servitude, as tapping for turpentine, 

 especially in the case of the spruce, results in a loss of incre- 

 ment, and lessens the quantity of timber in the base of the 

 tree, and also introduces spores of fungi and insects into the 

 wood, causing disease. 



c. Leaves for Fodder, etc. 



This is the right to pluck leaves from trees, especially for 

 feeding cattle in stored and simple coppice. Implements 

 may not be used, nor can twigs be broken off. If the demand 

 for leaves cannot be supplied from the regular fellings, then 



