98 PROTECTION AGAINST ANIMALS. 



of regeneration must be long and cleanings of inferior species 

 delayed, until the shelter they afford to the better kinds of 

 plants is no longer required. 



(b) Covering endangered fruits, acorns, etc., in seeding- 

 fellings. 



(c) Avoidance when possible of autumn-sowings, and pre- 

 ference of planting to sowing, the former with large and 

 strong transplants. More plants per acre must be planted 

 than where damage is not feared. 



(d) Avoidance of the introduction of species specially liked 

 by the game. 



(e) Careful choice of system and great care in the manage- 

 ment of forests containing game. 



(/) Care for the nourishment of the game by : 



Introduction of mast-producing species, oaks, chestnuts, etc., 

 wherever the locality is suitable for them. 



Protection of softwoods (aspen, willows, etc.) in cuttings 

 frequented by game, and introduction of these if necessary. 



Cultivation of fodder-crops for the game. Oats, buckwheat, 

 turnips, potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, clover, etc., according 

 to the species of game which is prevalent. 



Encouragement of a growth of grass in the forest ; stopping 

 grass-cutting and pasture. 



Feeding the game in the depth of winter, and when there is 

 much snow on the ground. Loppings of aspen, willows, limes, 

 or other softwoods, form suitable food in winter. The animals 

 peel the bark from these loppings, and eat the buds and young 

 shoots. Hay, unthrashed oat-straw, oats, maize, potatoes, etc., 

 may be given and basic slag added to improve the horns of 

 the stags. About one-thirtieth by weight of basic slag may 

 be added to the fodder. The fodder should be placed in 

 the older woods near water, and well distributed, so that several 

 beasts can feed at once. In mountain forests, places sheltered 

 from the wind and southerly aspects should be selected as 

 feeding-places, as deer assemble in such places during winter. 



4. Remedial Measures. 



(a) Substantial fencing of forest nurseries and cultivations, 

 or of the game-preserve. The kind and height of the fence 



