RED-DEER. 



101 



The following species are thus attacked : ' 

 Chiefly spruce and oak. 



Less, the ash, silver-fir, beech, hornbeam, maple, hazel. 

 Least of all, Scots and black pines, larch, alder, and birch. 



(Reduced.} 



Fig. 22. Oak sapling 1 , 

 1820 years old, peeled 

 by red-deer. 



(Reduced.} 

 Fig. 23. Summer- 

 peeling. 



Fig. 24. Winter-peeling 

 on 40 50-year-old 

 spruce. 



Spruce, from 20 to 40 years old, and 15 to 20-year-old oak 

 coppice-shoots are preferred, but spruce up to 60 years old are 

 also attacked. In the case of Scots pine, after 20 years the 

 bark becomes too thick to be injured. Well-thinned compart- 

 ments are preferred, as the deer can get about better in them, 



