REMEDIAL MEASURES. 179 



insect, the species of tree attacked, its age, the locality, etc. 

 Beetles kill trees sooner than caterpillars. Coniferous wood 

 is more easily killed than broad-leaved trees, and whole 

 spruce and pine woods are readily destroyed when badly 

 attacked ; silver-fir and larch make a better resistance. Broad- 

 leaved trees are not killed if every leaf on them is eaten, pro- 

 vided the buds are uninjured. Birch, elm, and ash die more 

 readily than oak and beech. Young trees succumb more 

 quickly to beetle attacks than older trees. On a good soil a 

 recovery is more hopeful than on a poor one ; clearance of the 

 wood should be less readily undertaken in the former case. 

 The best time for clearing is in the winter after the attack. 

 The large trees should first be felled, barked, and removed 

 as soon as possible from the forest. Fire-wood billets should 

 be got ready as soon as possible, and at least the larger pieces 

 barked. 



Before stacking, the split wood must be thoroughly dried, 

 the stacks must be raised from the ground on transverse 

 pieces, and placed apart in well-ventilated places. The 

 removal of all split wood must be expedited. 



Young plantations which have been attacked and killed must 

 be replanted. Injured poles require the greatest care ; if they 

 are so young that transplants can be brought in, this should 

 be done, if necessary, after widening the blanks. Shade- 

 bearers, such as the beech, hornbeam, silver-fir, or^spruce, are 

 very suitable for planting in such cases, or else larch, 

 sycamore, or Douglas fir, on account of their rapidity of growth. 

 If, however, the poles are too tall, and still too dense to 

 be underplanted, either a clearing must be made of the 

 whole crop, and the area restocked by sowing or planting, 

 or the wood should be heavily thinned and underplanted 

 with a shade-bearer. 



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