246 PROTECTION AGAINST INSECTS. 



In the Bohemian forest, the damage done was even on a 

 larger scale : between 1872 and 1874, on 9,012 hectares (22,530 

 acres), 3,632,050 cm. (127,964,000 c. feet) of wood, or about 

 450 c. feet per acre, were felled. Thus altogether in Bohemia 

 and Bavaria 152,500,00 c. feet of wood was killed by these 

 insects. The calamity attained its maximum in 1874 and 

 ended in 1876. 



After a severe windfall in the Vosges Mountains, in February, 

 1903, T. typoyraphus, L., attacked the spruce woods, especially 

 in the Communal forest of Gerardmer, where, on 250 acres, 

 6,216 spruce trees were killed in 1904, and were immediately 

 felled, and the bark with the larvae burned. In 1905, about 

 half that number of trees were attacked, and also felled by 

 State agency, as well as all weakly trees on the threatened 

 area. These latter and all windfalls were left lying as tree- 

 traps, and were eventually infested with larvae. They 'svere 

 carefully watched, and when full of larvae were barked and 

 the bark exposed to the sun. At the same time, larvae of 

 Staphylinidae (Homalium pusillum, Grv.), carnivorous beetles, 

 were found in the galleries of the bark beetles (De Gail). 



2. Tomicus amitinus, Eichh. 



a. Description. 



Imayo 4 to 4' 5 mm. long. It greatly resembles the foregoing 

 species, from which it can be distinguished as follows : Head 

 without frontal tubercle; interstices be- 

 tween the elytral striae punctured through- 

 out ; apical excavation with a silky lustre, 

 with regular rows of punctures. 



b. Lift-history, etc. 



Similar to the foregoing species, but 

 besides spruce the beetle attacks Scots 

 pine and larch more frequently than 

 T. typographus, L. Its mother-galleries 

 are bifurcating and frequently stellate ; 

 . the larval galleries start at an oblique 

 angle to the former, and run in a zigzag direction, and 



* " Der Borkenkaferfrass im Bbhmerwaldc." Allg. Frst. u. Jgdzstg., 1874, p. 349. 



