248 



PROTECTION AGAINST INSECTS. 



both galleries are more in the sapwood, whilst those of T. 

 typographies, L., are confined to the bast. The insect, which 

 is more active than T. typographic, L., is often commoner 

 on the Continent. It is at present unknown in Britain, but 

 is, perhaps, as likely to occur in injurious numbers as its 

 congener, and is certainly a worse enemy to the Scots pine. 



c. Protective Rules. 



As in the former case, but in mixed coniferous forests, 

 besides spruce, Scots pine and larch trap-trees should be 

 felled. 



c? ' . ? 



15 /1 15 /1 



Figs. 105 aud 106. Tomicns chalcographus, L. 



3. Tomicus (Pityogencs) chalcographus, L. (Small 6-toothed 



Spruce Bark-beetle). 



a. Description. 



Beetle 2 mm. long. Very shining, almost glabrous, either 

 entirely bright reddish brown, or with the thorax and the base 

 of the elylra dark brown. Prothorax contracted towards the 

 apex, its posterior half scantily punctured, with a smooth 

 median line. Elytra with fine punctured striae, their inters- 

 tices mostly smooth and impunctate, apical excavation narrow 

 and deeply impressed, its elevated sides armed with 3 teeth 

 on each elytron, which are larger in the $ than in the ? . 



I. Life-history. 



Season of flight: April and May. The eggs are laid in 

 spruce-bark. The larvae appear in May and June ; pupation 

 follows in June and July, and the newly-hatched beetles bore 



