252 



PROTECTION AGAINST INSECTS. 



The first brood reaches maturity in July, and the second 

 brood in October. The beetles hibernate under the bark. 



The generation is therefore double, and may be threefold in 

 .Southern France. The beetle is found almost throughout 

 Europe, and is common in most places. In Britain it is, 



perhaps, the least rare species 

 of the genus, if Tomicus biden- 

 tatus, Hbst., be excepted. 



c. Relations to the Forest. 



The beetle does not by pre- 

 ference attack the larch, but 

 is found on all conifers, par- 

 ticularly on the Scots pine, 

 and then on the spruce, rarely 

 on larch or silver-fir. It attacks 

 poles and mature trees, and 

 exceptionally young growth. 



The mother - galleries and 

 larval chambers are in the bast. 

 The former are generally ver- 

 tical, slightly curved or bent at 

 an angle at either end, with 

 2 to 4 air-holes (Fig. 105) ; the 

 larvae eat together in regular 

 family chambers, so that special 

 larval - galleries do not exist 

 (Fig. 105, a). 



The beetle is said to gnaw young plants (Scots pine), near 

 the collum, but this statement requires confirmation. 



Fig. 111. Burrows of T. lands, 

 Fabr., in Scots pine bark. (Natural 

 size.) 



a Mother gallery with eggs (e). 

 b Larvae feeding in family chamber. 



d. Protective Rules. 



(a) Prevention. 



Keeping the forest clean, and rapid clearing of felling-areas. 



(b) Remedial Measures. 



i. Trap-trees as for T. typography*, L. 



ii. Poles or logs used for traps stuck and placed into the 



