LIPARIS MONACHA. 



313 



older larvae attack the fully formed needles, and in the case of 

 spruce, eat them from the apex downwards. They feed on 

 Scots pine in a most wasteful manner, biting off the tops of 

 the needles and letting them fall to the ground, and only 

 eating their lower portions. The quantities of half-eaten 



I860 



2862 



Fig. 158. Shoot with a lateral branch Fig. 159. Leading shoot (lopped) 

 of a spruce fir which had heen stripped hy Liparis monacha, L. 



Date of injury, 1856 ; production of short growth, 1857 ; of bristle-needles, 1858 ; 

 of short growth, 1859 ; of nearly normal growth, 1860 ; of normal growth with 

 lateral dormant buds, 1861. 



needles lying on the ground then betray the presence of 

 the enemy. 



In high coniferous wood the older needles are preferred to 

 the younger, and the attack spreads downwards and outwards 

 from the summits of the trees. Among young growth, on the 

 contrary, the young shoots are eaten first. If the attack is 



