GEOMETRA BRUMATA. 329 



Collection of pupae in winter. 



Collection of caterpillars in August by shaking the poles. 



Painting rings of grease or lime-whiting 12 to 15 cm. broad 

 on the trees at 1 m. from the ground. This costs 7s. to 8s. 

 per acre for tar, and 4s. to 6s. for lime, and has proved 

 effective. 



Baking up into heaps, and burning the soil-covering. This 

 method gave excellent results over about 190 acres in Pome- 

 rania in 1881-83 ; about J to f of the pupae were burned with 

 the litter, and most of the remaining ones being exposed by 

 the removal of the soil-covering were eaten by birds. Where 

 the soil-covering had been left intact, the moths appeared in 

 the following spring in large numbers. The ashes must be 

 spread over the ground. In dealing with the attacks of this 

 looper, the forester should continually fell sample trees, in 

 order to become acquainted with the progress and condition of 

 the insects, the appearance of parasites and the degree of 

 resistance offered by the trees. 



The extensive Scots pine forests near Nuremberg, weakened 

 by the wholesale removal of litter, suffered greatly from the 

 pine looper in 1893-96, about 125,000 acres being ravaged of 

 State, communal, and private forest. Twelve hundred work- 

 men were engaged at 4s. a day to work up the dead wood, 

 64,000,000 cubic feet. 



2. Geometra (Cheimatobia) brumata, L. (Winter-moth), 

 a'. Description. 



Male with a wing-expanse of 25 to 30 mm. ; fore-wings 

 ample, grey-brown, with several darker transverse wavy lines; 

 hind-wings lighter, with a faint dark waved stripe in the 

 middle. Female 8 mm. long, of a brownish-grey, wings short 

 and aborted, with two dark bands across them, antennae and 

 legs long, the latter strongly developed. 



Caterpillar 16 mm. long, with 4 prolegs, hairless, at first 

 grey, later yellowish-green, with a dark dorsal line, and 3 

 bright longitudinal lines on either side. 



Pupa 11 mm. long, thickset, yellowish-brown, with two small 

 outwardly-pointed hooks on its tail, in a loose cocoon. 



