831 



coppice, it will attack the underwood up to the middle of 

 June, and great damage is thus done at times. 



d. Protective Rules. 



Protect enemies. 



Grease-bands should be applied to the trees in the middle of 

 October in order to catch the ? moths on their way up the 

 trunks. The trees are usually encircled with paper strips 4 in. 

 broad, bound to the tree by string above and below, and the 

 tar or composition is painted on to the paper, the lower part of 

 which being bent upwards to prevent the composition from 

 trickling down.* These bands catch many other insects which 

 are destructive to orchard trees, such as the apple-blossom 

 weevil, Anihonomus pomorum, L., and the codlin moth, 

 Carpocapsa pomonella, L. The caterpillars of the last species 

 creep under the paper to pupate. 



The practice of spraying with arsenical washes before 

 flowering, or after the blossom is set, is a valuable method of 

 treatment. 



Other species of Geometridae, which emerge in the winter 

 months, and the females of which are apterous, such as 

 Hibemia defoliaria, L., etc., may be dealt with when injurious 

 in the same manner. 



The pupae may be destroyed in orchards from July to 

 September by trenching the ground a foot deep below the 

 trees, and stamping it firm. 



FAMILY VI. TOKTEICIDAE (LEAF-ROLLER MOTHS). 

 Description of Family. 



Moths with somewhat short, filiform, or bristle-like antennae 

 with a thick basal joint ; 2 ocelli. Wings rhomboidal, the 

 anterior pair usually bright-coloured, roof-shaped in repose ; 

 frenulum present. 



Generation usually annual. 



Caterpillars with a few short hairs on little warts ; with 10 

 prolegs ; usually with a horny shield on the prothoracic seg- 

 ment and a horny anal flap. Very active, and strong spinners. 



* For a good account of these grease-bands and nature of the grease to be 

 used, see Miss Ormerod, op. cit., p. 342. 



