TORTRIX BUOLTANA. 



335 



formation of foliage, blossoms and acorns for the year 

 is seriously compromised, and sometimes the former is 

 completely destroyed, and may then be restored 

 by Lammas-shoots. 



In coppice-with-standards oak standards and 

 underwood only are attacked. The attacks of 

 this moth are very persistent, having lasted for 

 4 years, in the Steigerwald from 1869-72, and 

 in Windsor Forest during 1890-94. 



d. Protective Measures. 



Protection of enemies : starlings, rooks, jack- 

 daws, etc. Hardly any remedial measures can 

 be tried in forests. The caterpillars of the 

 Dunbar moth, Cosinia trapezina, which are car- 

 nivorous, are useful in clearing off their attack, 

 as well as that of the winter moth. This Noctuid 

 moth has a spread of wing of about 30 mm. ; the 

 fore-wings are variously marked with pale grey, 

 rust- colour, or brown, with transverse dark and 

 pale lines, the hinder wings greyish - brown. 

 The ? lays her eggs chiefly on oak. The cater- 

 pillars are pale dull-green, apple-green beneath, 

 and have 5 pale whitish or yellowish longi- 

 tudinal stripes, and numerous small black warts, 

 each surrounded by a white ring, eight to a 

 segment, arranged transversely on the first three 

 segments behind the head, and in a square of 

 four, with two below on each side on the 

 succeeding segments. 



Pimpla scanica, Grav., is the commonest ichneumon- wasp 

 that attacks the oak leaf-roller. 



Fig. 171. - 

 Oak-leaf 

 rolled up by 

 the cater- 

 pillar of the 

 Oak-tortrix. 

 (Natural 

 size.} 



3. Tortrix (Retinia) buoliana, Schiff. (Pine-shoot Tortrix).* 



a. Description. 



Moth with wing-expansion of 19 to 22 mm. ; fore-wings 

 narrow, reddish-yellow, traversed by 6 7 broad, wavy y-shaped 



* Vide Miss Ormerod, op. cit., p. 248. 



