338 PROTECTION AGAINST INSECTS. 



lateral buds develop on all sides of the point of attack, and 

 the resulting loss of increment is considerable, as frequently 

 the pest recurs year after year. 



d. Protective Rules. 



Protection of birds, titmice, etc. 



Careful planting and rearing of plantations of vigorous 

 pines, without undue crowding. 



The shoots which are attacked may be broken off and 

 burned, from the middle of May to the end of June. This 

 plan is advisable only on small areas and at the commence- 

 ment of the attack. If made late, it destroys numerous 

 parasitic enemies of the caterpillars. 



Eemoval of all misshapen stems at the first thinning, till 

 which time they are spared to help to cover the ground. 



4. Tortrix (Retinia) turionana, Hb. 



a. Description. 



Moth with a wing-expanse of 16 18 mm. ; fore-wings 

 brown-grey, ochreous towards the tip, with leaden-grey trans- 

 verse wavy lines; hind-wings whitish, the tip greyish (<?) or 

 ochreous (?). Head and thorax ochreous; abdomen grey. 

 Larva 10 mm. long, with 16 legs ; light brown, with black 

 head and thoracic shield. 



b. Life-history, etc. 



The eggs are laid in May or June singly on the middle buds 

 of the whorls of the stem of young Scots pines (usually 5 15 

 years old). The caterpillar bores as a rule into the middle 

 bud, and hollows out the pith-canal in the course of the 

 summer. The shoot is checked from the commencement of 

 its growth and takes on a blackish-grey colour ; eventually it 

 dies and the lateral buds, which are seldom attacked, become 

 abnormally large. 



Pupation takes place in the following year (at the end of April 

 or in May) in the hollowed bud, which is spun over with a 

 thin web, and the moth emerges at the end of May or the 

 beginning of June. 



