TORTRIX PINICOLANA. 341 



parts attacked. The insect prefers woods of 60 to 100 years 

 old, but when the moth appears in swarms, younger wood is 

 also attacked. The edges of the crowns of the trees become 

 reddish, and after attacks repeated for several years the trees 

 become stag-headed, the topmost branches being as bare as 

 brooms, and die. There have been several severe attacks in 

 Germany on silver-fir by this moth since 1876, and in 1879, 

 1,800 acres of forest were ravaged in Nagoldthal, and the attack 

 spread to the surrounding districts. 



d. Protective Rules. 



Mixture of other species with the silver-fir, and clean wood- 

 craft. 



Protection of enemies : titmice, the wren, etc. 



e. Remedial Measures. 



Smoking out the caterpillars by burning green branches in 

 damp weather. This is done in May, by thinning affected 

 woods and collecting branches from trees and poles felled, 

 which are burned in heaps after taking necessary precautions. 

 In damp weather the smoke penetrates the leaf-canopy 

 and causes numbers of larvae to fall, which are swept into the 

 fire. This was done by Forstmeister Koch, with excellent 

 results, near Karlsbad. 



Admission of pigs to the forest as soon as the cocoons are in 

 the soil covering, during the first half of June. 



Eaking-up and removing the soil-covering whilst the pupae 

 are there. 



Felling trees which are badly attacked. 



7. Tortrix pinicolana, Zll. 



a. Description. 



Moth with wing-expansion of 18 to 22 mm. ; fore-wings long, 

 with strongly sinuate inner border, bright ashy-grey, with 

 numerous dark brown wavy stripes ; hind- wings somewhat 

 broad, of a uniform brown or ashy grey colour ; both pairs 

 with brownish-white fringes. 



