FOREST WILLOWS. 405 



from small carnivora and other enemies. Where it is harmful 

 to your;g growth, it should be dug up or cut back in cleanings 

 and thinnings. Various thorny bushes in India similarly 

 Afford great protection to bamboos and other valuable species 

 in grazed forests. 



e. Other Shrubs and Bushes. 



The wild gooseberry-bush (Ribes Grossularia, L.), elder 

 (Sambucus), guelder rose (Viburnum Opulus, L.), wayfaring 

 tree (V. Lantana, L.),' the spindle tree (Euonymus europaeus, L.), 

 and privet (Ligustrum vnlgare, L.) are widespread, the latter 

 and Viburnum Lantana, L., chiefly on calcareous soils in hills. 

 None of these plants are, however, particularly hurtful to 

 young forest growth, except the herbaceous dwarf-elder 

 (Sambucus Ebulus, L.), which grows in masses from rhizomes 

 in damp places. Daphne Mezereuw, L., is a small shrub 

 growing in hilly and mountain woods on damp soils, and is 

 highly poisonous. 



/. Forest Willows: 



Sallow (Salix Caprea, L.) flourishes, especially in beech 

 woods, on fresh soils in plains and hills, but will also grow on 

 dry soil and in mountains up to 5,500 feet, attaining at times 

 the dimensions of a small tree ; it sends out numerous stool- 

 shoots, but has a shallow root-system, so that it may be easily 

 pulled up by the hand, as well as the other willows mentioned 

 below. Its heartwood is bright red. 



Sallow takes root anywhere, even on exposed rock, and 

 grows about six feet in height in a single season, so that it is 

 extremely injurious in young plantations. 



Salix cinerea, L., a variety of the sallow, is a smaller plant 

 of a shrubby nature ; it sends out suckers on damp soils and 

 along water courses ; ascends to 3,000 feet. 



Salix aurita, L., resembles the sallow in its habit, but sends 

 out suckers; it ascends to 5, 000 feet, indifferent to wet or dry soils. 



Salix repens, L., is a small, straggling bush, growing chiefly 

 on turfy and heather land, and also near swamps ; ascends to 

 3,500 feet. 



All these willows when hurtful to forest growth should be 

 cut back or pulled up in cleanings and thinnings. 



