542 PROTECTION AGAINST WINDS. 



The coast districts between the mouths of the Mississippi 

 river and Charleston are subject to terrific hurricanes, and in 

 August, 1893, scarcely a tree was left standing in the islands 

 there, nearly 2,000 people were killed, and 1,000,000 worth 

 of property destroyed, the wind having blown at the rate of 

 125 miles per hour.* 



4. Protective Rales, 

 a. During the Formation of Woods. 



i. Favour the cultivation of broadleaved species wherever 

 this is possible. The damage done by storms during the last 

 ten years is a warning to foresters who are so ready to convert 

 broadleaved into coniferous forests ; this should be done only 

 in cases of extreme urgency. 



ii. Drain damp localities before making regeneration- 

 fellings. 



iii. Use strong transplants 4 to 6 feet apart, so as to ensure 

 the growth of sturdy trees. Planting spruce gives better 

 results than sowing it. 



iv. Mix deep-rooted species with shallow-rooted ones ; for 

 instance, mix oak, ash, sycamore, larch, or Scots pine with 

 beech and silver-fir, and silver-fir, beech and larch with spruce. 



Von Wiehl (Olmiitz) placed rows of storm-firm trees in 

 spruce woods every 150 metres, five or six rows of oak, 

 sycamore, Scots, Weymouth, and Cembran pines, according to 

 the soil and locality, transversely to the storm-direction, in 

 flat land from N. to S., elsewhere parallel to the sides. 



v. Maintain protective belts along the boundaries of a forest, 

 where prevailing winds are to be feared, especially along farms 

 and neighbouring woodlands. Boundary ditches should not 

 be dug along these boundaries, as they cut through the roots 

 of the nearest trees. 



1). During Tending. 



i. Early, frequent and moderate thinnings should be made, 

 so as to ensure normal root-systems, sturdy stems, and regu- 

 larly shaped crowns. During the thinnings, as far as is 

 possible without interfering with the proper density of the crop, 

 all trees should be removed which have suffered injury to their 



* " Scribner's Magazine," February, 18U4. 



