STORMS. 



549 



45 degrees (a b c) to these directions, as shown in Fig. 252. 

 This he considers to afford better protection to woods of second 

 period against south-west, west-south-west, and south-south- 

 west winds. Borggreve is also in favour of this system of rides. 

 The objection to this arrangement is that, although, after 

 the dark areas have been felled, the woods of the second period 

 are better protected against west and south-west winds, yet 

 they are completely exposed to the cutting north-east with the 

 accompanying danger from rime. 



Fig. 253. 

 a Heaps of stones, b Pruned and topped spruce trees. 



It is also not prudent to adopt such a system universally, as 

 storms are not always in the same direction. 



Hess thinks that further experience is necessary before 

 deciding between these two arrangements, and also as regards 

 the shape of compartments, whether square,* rectangular, 

 parallelograms, or trapeziums, as this may also affect the 

 amount of damage done by storms. 



vii. It is useless leaving standards of shallow-rooted species, 

 such as spruce, in exposed places. 



viii. Stumps should not be dug up in preparatory and seeding 

 fellings, where storms are to be feared. After storms have 

 damaged valuable middle-aged woods, further damage may be 



* The question of the direction of fellings in mountainous districts, and of 

 the proper shape of compartments, is discussed in detail by Karl Heyer, in " Der 

 Waldbau," 1878, pp. 52 et gey. 



