550 PROTECTION AGAINST WINDS. 



prevented by thinning out the crowns of trees left standing on 

 the exposed sides of woods, and lading their roots with stones 

 if they are easily procurable (Fig. 253). 



5. Treatment of Windfalls and Wood-breakage. 



On account of danger from bark-beetles, which follow 

 extensive breakage in a wood, prompt measures must be taken 

 after damage has been done by a storm. 



(a) As soon as possible, using all available labour, and 

 mechanical means (transportable steam-saws, etc.), convert 

 the broken material and, remove it from the wood, after 

 stripping the bark from all stems and broken pieces, at any 

 rate of conifers. Trees that are still standing obliquely, or 

 resting against other trees, can be left till the following season. 



(b) All wood unfit for timber should be split and the stacks 

 of fuel should be set up in well-aerated places. All rubbish 

 may be made into charcoal or even burned, if necessary. 



(c) Stems that cannot at once be sold, should be barked, 

 to prevent insect-attacks. Whether they should be completely, 

 or partially barked in strips depends on circumstances, chiefly 

 on the species of tree. Complete barking is the best protection 

 against insects, but it favours cracks and fungoidal attacks. 

 For Scots pine, strip-barking in 1894 gave excellent results. 

 For spruce it is best to bark completely, except that narrow 

 rings of bark may be left at the ends and in the middle of 

 each log. 



(d) Stumps and roots of coniferous trees should be grubbed 

 out and split up, even if a pecuniary loss is involved. In 

 broadleaved woods, on the contrary, uprooted stumps should 

 be replaced in the ground, or at any rate, the earth knocked 

 from the roots and the holes filled up. Ordinary cart- jacks 

 may be used to replace the stumps ; they cost about 45s. each, 

 and two jacks are required for each stump. In a beech-wood, 

 fifty-one men at two shillings a day replaced 422 stumps in 

 this way at a cost of fourpence a stump. 



(e) Wherever labour is insufficient to deal with all the fallen 

 and broken wood, the trees uprooted with balls of earth may 

 be left for a year. 



Such trees, if broadleaved, obtain much moisture from 



