SAND DUNES. 



629 



Dune forests must be strictly protected against grazing, 

 removal of litter and trespass. Article 366A of the German 

 Criminal Code punishes contra vencioii of police regulations 

 regarding dune forests with fines up to 7 10s., or imprison- 



Fig. 286.Elymus arenarii/s, L. 



ment, and in Holland, four weeks' imprisonment is inflicted 

 for cutting grass on dunes. 



Only dead or dying wood should be removed from the dune 

 forests. 



d. Addenda. 



The best English example of the fixing of shifting sands 

 is on the Holkham sand-hills, on the Norfolk coast, belonging 

 to the Earl of Leicester, where, since 1850, sea lime-grass and 

 marram have been used to fix the sands, and several species of. 

 pine planted, of which the Scots and Austrian pines have 

 proved most successful. The trees are planted widely, as 

 thinnings would be injurious, unless lop and top were 

 removed, owing to danger from fire. Now that the grass 

 is kept down by the trees, fires are rare. Extensive planting 

 of sand-hills has also been done in South-west Lancashire, 

 Scots, Austrian and Corsican pines, as well as alder, birch, 

 tamarisk and other plants, being used. Eabbits are the chief 

 danger to these plantations, being very common on sand-hills 

 along the coasts of Great Britain. Unless they are extermi- 

 nated, there is little hope of fixing the sand. 



